Types of businesses describe how they are organized and run.企业类型描述了它们的组织和运营方式。Four main types:四种主要类型：Sole Proprietorship独资企业Corporation公司Partnership合伙Co-operative合作社Non-Profit vs Not-For-Profit非营利与非营利Non-profit: raises funds for a specific goal非营利：为特定目标筹集资金Ex: charities例如：慈善机构Not-for-profit: surplus funds are used to improve services for their members非营利性：盈余资金用于改善会员服务Ex: housing or child-care co-operatives例如：住房或托儿合作社Business Sizes and Shapes企业规模和形状Most businesses are small to medium sized:大多数企业都是中小型企业：Fewer than 500 employees员工人数少于 500 人Economics经济学 The social science that seeks to describe the factors which determine the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services旨在描述决定商品和服务的生产、分配和消费的因素的社会科学Economic Resources 经济资源Also know as factors ofproduction也称为生产要素The means through which goods and services are made available to consumers向消费者提供商品和服务的方式Three kinds:三种：Natural自然的Human人类Capital首都1. Natural Resources1. 自然资源Materials that come from the earth, water & air来自地球、水和空气的材料Ex: soil, trees例如：土壤、树木MOST are non-renewable and limited大多数是不可再生且有限的some take decades to replenish (forests)有些需要数十年才能恢复（森林）2. Human Resources2、人力资源Labour劳动People who work to create the goods and services致力于创造商品和服务的人们Ex: farmers, factory workers, etc.例如：农民、工厂工人等。3. Capital Resources3、资金来源Usually last for a long time & require a large investment通常持续时间较长且需要大量投资Ex: buildings, equipment, etc.例如：建筑物、设备等。Interdependent相互依存Society and businesses rely on each other to satisfy consumer needs and wants社会和企业相互依赖来满足消费者的需求和愿望Ex: Clothing Manufacturer – other例如：服装制造商 - 其他businesses produce buttons, denim, thread, zippers, sewing and cutting machines企业生产纽扣、牛仔布、线、拉链、缝纫机和切割机Illustration of INTERDEPENDENCE:相互依赖的说明：Relationship between logging & paper production.伐木与造纸之间的关系。Tree is cut down树被砍倒了Logs transported to a pulp & paper mill原木运输至纸浆造纸厂Pulp & Paper Mill纸浆造纸厂Sheets of paper manufactured at the mill工厂生产的纸张A tree nursery, saplings are planted to reforest苗圃，种植树苗以重新造林Economic System经济系统A way of dealing with the selection, production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services in society处理社会中商品和服务的选择、生产、分配和消费的方式Example: Oil示例：石油Natural resource with fluctuating supply(political tool)供应波动的自然资源（政治工具）World’s oil reserves running out;Western consumption increasing; economies in India/China growing世界石油储备耗尽；西方消费增加； 印度/中国经济增长Business and government work together to look for ways to share existing oil, and to develop other forms of energy (nuclear, hydro, solar, wind)企业和政府共同寻找共享现有石油并开发其他形式能源（核能、水能、太阳能、风能）的方法The Role of the Consumer消费者的角色Producer: make goods or provide services that consumers need or want生产者：生产消费者需要或想要的商品或提供服务Consumers: purchase goods or services from producers消费者：从生产者那里购买商品或服务Marketplace: where producers and consumers come together to buy or sell市场：生产者和消费者聚集在一起购买或销售的地方The Consumer消费者We often use the terms consumer and customer interchangeably.我们经常互换使用“消费者”和“客户”这两个术语。Consumers’ Influence on Products消费者对产品的影响Before, businesses controlled what they produced以前，企业控制自己生产的产品Now, customers dictate what businesses make because of competition现在，由于竞争，客户决定了企业的收入Think of things you’ve purchased in the last month.想想你上个月购买的东西。No longer a want or need for that product When consumers stop buying them, producers stop making them不再想要或需要该产品当消费者停止购买该产品时，生产商就停止生产该产品Competition竞赛2+ businesses try to sell the same type of product or service to the same customer2+ 企业尝试向同一客户销售相同类型的产品或服务Have a significant effect on demand and price of Goods and Services对商品和服务的需求和价格有重大影响Ex: Apple & Samsung例如：苹果和三星Competition has given the POWER to the consumer If a company wants to increase its price – consumers will go elsewhere竞争赋予了消费者权力如果一家公司想要提高价格——消费者就会去其他地方You choose what a business will sell, what services they offer, etc.您可以选择企业将销售什么产品、提供什么服务等。Characteristics of Entrepreneurs企业家的特征Entrepreneur: starts their own business企业家：自己创业What makes a good entrepreneur??怎样才是一个好的企业家？？Risk-takers冒险者Problem solvers问题解决者Self-confidence自信心Innovative创新的Ability to work alone单独工作的能力Ability to manage others管理他人的能力Decision-Making Model决策模型How to make smart business decisions如何做出明智的商业决策Determine what decision must be made确定必须做出什么决定Identify alternatives确定替代方案Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of each alternative评估每个替代方案的优点和缺点Make a decision and take action做出决定并采取行动Evaluate the decision评估决定SUPPLY: quantity of a good or service that businesses are willing and able to provide within a range of prices that people would be willing to pay供应：企业愿意并且能够在人们愿意支付的价格范围内提供的商品或服务的数量How does price affect supply?价格如何影响供应？LAW OF SUPPLY供给法则As price 🡹 supply 🡹作为价格🡹供应🡹(businesses willing to make more)（愿意赚更多钱的企业）As price 🡻 supply 🡻作为价格🡻供应🡻(businesses willing to make less)（愿意少赚的企业）Factors that can Affect/Shift Supply可能影响/转移供应的因素Number of producers生产者数量Changes in technology技术的变化Changing expectations for the future对未来的期望改变Changing production costs改变生产成本Need: things that are necessary for survival需要：生存所必需的东西Deficiency Needs vs. Growth Needs缺乏需求与增长需求The first four levels are often referred to as deficiency needs (D-needs), and the top level is known as growth or being needs (B-needs).前四个层次通常被称为缺乏需求（D 需求），顶层被称为成长或存在需求（B 需求）。Deficiency needs motivate people when they are unmet. The motivation will become stronger the longer the duration they are denied.当人们的需求得不到满足时，缺乏的需求就会激励人们。 被拒绝的时间越长，动机就会越强Growth needs continue to be felt and may even become stronger once they have been engaged.成长需求会持续被感受到，甚至在参与后可能会变得更强烈。Types of Business业务类型1. Service1. 服务Performs a task执行任务2. Retail2. 零售Buys and sells products购买和销售产品3.Manufacturing3. 制造Makes a product制作产品4. Not for profit/non-profit4. 不以营利/非营利为目的Meets the needs of a community满足社区的需求2. Types of businesses2. 企业类型Service, Retail, Manufacturing,服务业、零售业、制造业(SOHO): fewer meetings, no dress code（SOHO）：减少会议，没有着装要求E-commerce: website, domain name, web pages, Website hits, privacy issues电子商务：网站、域名、网页、网站点击量、隐私问题Libraries, existing businesses, trade associations, government resources, Internet图书馆、现有企业、行业协会、政府资源、互联网Strategies – new markets, business partners, risk factors策略——新市场、业务合作伙伴、风险因素Statistics Canada – Gross Domestic Product加拿大统计局 - 国内生产总值Debt financing – borrow $ (repayment issues)债务融资 – 借入美元（还款问题）Equity financing – investment $ (using savings or giving up ownership)股权融资——投资$（使用储蓄或放弃所有权）Banks, trust companies, credit unions check credit history and business plan todetermine interest rates based on risk银行、信托公司、信用合作社检查信用记录和业务计划，根据风险确定利率Quality of service, disagreements with partners, employee termination, logistics, lawsuits服务质量、与合作伙伴的分歧、员工解雇、后勤、诉讼Financial difficulty and possible bankruptcy财务困难和可能破产Variety of skills各种技能Materials; production; employees材料; 生产; 雇员Need to forecast/predict required resources and financing需要预测/预测所需的资源和融资Determined projected revenue and expenses to determine profit确定预计收入和费用以确定利润Monitor to detect problems to consider in next forecast进行监控以发现下一次预测中需要考虑的问题International Business Structures国际业务结构Joint Ventures合资企业Matches the skills of two individuals or business for mutual benefit (one in each country)匹配两个个人或企业的技能以实现互惠互利（每个国家一个）International Business Structures国际业务结构International Franchises国际特许经营Allowing a group or individual to sell your product/service in another country允许团体或个人在另一个国家/地区销售您的产品/服务International Business Structures国际业务结构Strategic Alliances战略联盟two or more businesses agree to commit particular resources to achieve a common goal两个或多个企业同意投入特定资源来实现共同目标Mergers兼并two or more companies join together两个或多个公司联合起来Offshoring离岸外包relocates some of a company’s operations to another country.将公司的部分业务转移到另一个国家。lower labour costs降低劳动力成本Proximity to markets and workers靠近市场和工人Multinational Corporations跨国公司conducts business in many countries, as though no borders在多个国家开展业务，犹如无国界Pros: take advantage of what other country has to offer, create more jobs, new technology优点：利用其他国家提供的优势、创造更多就业机会、新技术Cons: cheap labour缺点：廉价劳动力Ethics伦理rules that help us tell the difference between right and wrong帮助我们区分正确与错误的规则Ethical behaviour conduct that conforms to ethics道德行为 符合道德规范的行为Values and Morals价值观和道德Values what we think is important重视我们认为重要的事情Ex: Respect例如：尊重Morals rules we use to decide what is good or bad.我们用道德规则来决定什么是好是坏。Ex: Stealing is bad例如：偷窃是不好的Business Ethics商业伦理based on society’s ethics and those who work for and buy from the company基于社会道德以及为公司工作和从公司购买产品的人Code of Ethics道德准则A document that explains specifically how employees should respond in certain situations.具体解释员工在某些情况下应如何应对的文件。Canadian laws address acceptable business behaviours – can still behave unethically without breaking these laws.加拿大法律规定了可接受的商业行为——在不违反这些法律的情况下仍然可以做出不道德的行为。No code of ethics can provide guidance on every situation没有任何道德准则可以为所有情况提供指导Ethical Dilemma道德困境moral problem with a choice between potential right and wrong. 在潜在的正确与错误之间进行选择的道德问题。Whistle-blowing举报when an employee informs officials or the public about an illegal or ethical violation.当员工向官员或公众通报非法或道德违规行为时。Fraud欺诈罪the crime of lying or pretending.说谎或假装犯罪。Ex: false advertising例如：虚假广告Business Fraud商业欺诈bank fraud (loans to non-existent businesses)银行欺诈（向不存在的企业提供贷款）consumer fraud (see the preceding market fraud)消费者欺诈（参见前面的市场欺诈）contract fraud (kickbacks/bribes to get a contract)合同欺诈（为获得合同而提供回扣/贿赂）insurance fraud (false claims)保险欺诈（虚假索赔）mail fraud (uses post office to siphon information/promote)邮件欺诈（利用邮局窃取信息/促销）pyramid scheme fraud (ponzi schemes)传销诈骗（庞氏骗局）stock market股市fraud (also known as Insider Trading - overview by Business and Securities Commission)欺诈（也称为内幕交易 - 商业和 证券委员会）telemarketer fraud (high-pressure phone calls to buy or donate to bogus charities)电话推销员欺诈（高压电话要求购买或捐赠虚假慈善机构）welfare fraud (benefits w/out eligibility)福利欺诈（无资格福利）Accounting Scandal会计丑闻accounting records are altered for personal benefit为了个人利益而更改会计记录Forensic accountant法务会计师Examine legal and financial documents检查法律和财务文件Embezzlement贪污when an employee creates false accounts and redirects money into them for personal gain.当员工创建虚假账户并将资金转入其中以谋取个人利益时。Auditors审核员check and report on the validity of financial records.检查并报告财务记录的有效性。Insider Trading内幕交易buying or selling shares of a company based on confidential information - illegal.根据机密信息购买或出售公司股票 - 非法。Corporate Social Responsibility企业社会责任CSR principles include:企业社会责任原则包括：providing a safe and healthy work environment提供安全健康的工作环境fair labour policies公平劳工政策protecting the environment保护环境truthful advertising真实的广告avoiding price discrimination避免价格歧视donating to charity捐赠给慈善机构Duty to Report报告义务Ethical dilemmas become even more difficult as businesses get larger随着企业规模的扩大，道德困境变得更加困难They must disclose all important information to shareholders, business partners, lenders, insurers, communities, regulators, consumers, employees, and investors他们必须向股东、业务合作伙伴、贷方、保险公司、社区、监管机构、消费者、员工和投资者披露所有重要信息Laws that Govern Corporate Ethics管理企业道德的法律Workplace safety工作场所安全Right to refuse unsafe work, training, know hazards拒绝不安全工作、培训、了解危险的权利Antidiscrimination issues反歧视问题Glass ceiling玻璃天花板Harassment骚扰Accessibility无障碍Duty to accommodate for disabilities照顾残疾人的义务Environmental responsibility环境责任Labour practices劳动实践Pay equity, privacy laws薪酬公平、隐私法Workplace Safety工作场所安全Initiate employee wellness program (flexible hours, on-site daycare)启动员工健康计划（灵活工作时间、现场日托）Employee Rights:员工权利：refuse unsafe work拒绝不安全的工作participate in workplace health and safety activities参与工作场所健康和安全活动know about actual hazards in the workplace了解工作场所的实际危险Harassment骚扰behaviour that is threatening, disturbing, or makes others feel uncomfortable.威胁、干扰或令他人感到不舒服的行为Ex: bullying, stalking, sexual, racial harassment例如：欺凌、跟踪、性骚扰、种族骚扰Accessibility Issues无障碍问题The right to a fair job interview获得公平面试的权利Duty to accommodate: refers to an employer’s obligation to ensure accessibility for all employees.通便义务：指雇主确保所有员工无障碍的义务。Ex: changing job tasks, allowing guide dogs, sign-language support例如：改变工作任务、允许导盲犬、手语支持Environmental Responsibility环境责任Taken media attention to get environmental issues as a priority引起媒体关注，将环境问题作为优先事项Government of Canada has passed environmental protection laws and worked with international organizations to protect air, land, water加拿大政府通过环境保护法并与国际组织合作保护空气、土地、水Labour Practices劳工实践Employment Standards Act sets out certain mandatory minimum conditions of employment (hours of work, overtime pay, minimum wage)《就业标准法》规定了某些强制性的最低就业条件（工作时间、加班费、最低工资）Pay Equity - prohibit employer from paying employees of one sexdifferently than employees of the other sex who perform the same work薪酬公平 - 禁止雇主向某一性别的雇员支付工资与从事相同工作的异性雇员不同Privacy Laws – explain what personal information they require from隐私法 – 解释他们需要哪些个人信息employees or customers, and why they need it, before they can obtain it员工或客户，以及他们为什么需要它，然后才能获得它Fair Trade公平贸易using trade to ensure that the basic labour rights of employees in other countries are respected.利用贸易确保其他国家雇员的基本劳工权利得到尊重。Grassroots movement: develops from the bottom up草根运动：自下而上发展Production Happens when Making a product Providing a service OR Generating an idea or concept生产发生在制造产品、提供服务或产生想法或概念时Six Factors of Production六大生产要素What is used in the production process in order to produce output (finished goods)生产过程中使用什么来产生产出（成品）Natural resources自然资源Raw materials原料Labour劳动Capital首都Information信息Management管理1. Natural Resources1. 自然资源Six types that primary (extractive) industries supply us with:第一产业（采掘业）为我们提供六种类型：agriculture农业fishing and trapping捕鱼和诱捕mining矿业water水fuel and energy燃料和能源logging and forestry伐木和林业2. Raw Materials2. 原材料Goods used in the manufacturing (making) of othergoods.用于制造（制作）其他商品的商品。Two Main Types两种主要类型Ingredients ― combined/converted to make finished product.成分——组合/转化制成成品。Supplies ― not part of the finishedproduct, but are used in the product creation process.耗材——不是成品的一部分，但用于产品创建过程。
发表于 2024-1-29 01:46:31
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